- locks himself away from society. The word "melancholy" shows how Scrooge doesn't care about his isolation, or he doesn't notice. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. But it turns out there may be a big reason Scrooge is such a miser. Dickens has presented Scrooge as an outsider in society and victim to his own, self-inflicted loneliness. Scrooge is generally unsentimental and extremely practical. . Stave 1-Greed The theme presented to the reader the most in stave 1 of A Christmas Carol is greed. Dickens, layer by layer, builds this impression of him from the very outset. A person's ego can sometimes interfere with a business deal, so Scrooge might have reasoned that it was more practical not to have an ego. The dialogue with his nephewas well as the dialogue with the two gentlemen soliciting donations for the poorhelps us to understand Scrooge's character. Who is Belle in A Christmas Carol, and why was she important to Scrooge? Scrooge is described as carrying cold within him, and his presence iced his office. Children and beggars, for example, do not stop to talk to him in the street, nor did anyone ever enquire about his health or well-being. This is shown through self contained and solitary as an oyster, the sibilance is similar to that of a snake which suggests something sinister and making his way through life alone. One of these parts is when it is pointed out that Scrooge wont spend money on anything valuable, so his most valuable possession is his knocker. paranormally?) B.A. 1 How does Dickens present Scrooge as a cold character in Stave 1? His appearance and words combine to show us this obsession. Check out how odd it sounds to see Scrooge poking Bob in the ribs and "clapping him on the back." Marleys ghost is a terrifying figure - his huge clanking chain makes him look like an exaggeration of a typical Victorian prisoner. He cares only about making money, and does not care or notice if it is cold or uncomfortable, and he takes no interest in anyone else. This handbook will help you plan your study time, beat procrastination, memorise the info and get your notes in order. He rejects all offerings of Christmas cheer and celebration as 'Humbug!'. Scrooge sees the senses as pointless, as easily fooled or manipulated. Dickens further characterizes Scrooge as a bitter, callous man by revealing how the citizens of London go out of their way to avoid him in the street. But as we read further, we come to see that Scrooge is more than simply a hard-working businessman; he's actually a miser. Hes greedy, stingy, surly and, in the case of A Muppet Christmas Carol. Latest answer posted December 05, 2020 at 2:12:53 PM. . 4 What does no eye at all is better than an evil eye dark master mean? Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. The dark, wintry night, and the approach of Christmas Day, should provide the conditions for some seasonal camaraderie between Scrooge and his clerk, but Scrooges misery wins out over all. How does Dickens presents Scrooge as an outsider? He calls Christmas a "humbug," insults his nephew, and suggests that every "idiot" who goes about wishing people a "Merry Christmas" should be murdered with dessert. He frightened every one away from him when he was alive, to profit us when he was dead! 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-is-the-theme-of-isolation-presented-in-a-2259150. Fred knows this, and counters that "good" means something else entirely. Before telling us the incident with the door knocker, In order to make this night stand out as a unique milestone in Scrooges routine existence, the narrator focuses first on Scrooge's sanity and the usual normality of his world. "You don't mean that, I am sure.". What is Dickens's effect on the reader in doing so? The characters of the ghosts emphasise the loneliness of Scrooge and act like a stimulus is showcasing his inner emotions. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Marley is a figure of both terror and kindness it will become clear that instead of wanting revenge on Scrooge, he has come to protect him. How is the theme of greed presented in A Christmas Carol, and what is Dickens's message to the reader in presenting greed this way? isolated from them, and while imagining how different his life could have been had he not walled himself off as much as he had. Scrooge and Cratchit both live on routine. He uses pathetic fallacy in the first paragraph to represent how Scrooge is colder than anything weather can throw at him: heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet. Each of the ghosts shows him a scene that strikes fear and regret into his heart and eventually he softens. A Christmas Carol Lessons Whole Unit Pack. "It's enough for a man to understand his own business, and not to interfere with other people's. Scrooge is then visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present. Log in here. It is only when the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows Scrooge his lonely, cold funeral that Scrooge finally realises that his solitude and isolation from society will lead to nothing but misery. Scrooge is described as being solitary as an oyster (p. 2). He wishes nothing to do with the two gentlemen and wishes to be left alone. Scrooge is also shown to be self-centred. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. All of this frozen inhumanness makes Scrooge a really great foil for the warmth that the holiday season is supposed to bring. Which of course is immediately shown to be untrue when we meet Fred and Bob Cratchit. At the time when Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol, the prevailing spirit in England was one of fierce individualism. . said the Spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words. That's precisely what happens in the case of Scrooge. It also means that, at one time in his life, Scrooge had at least one friend. In this essay I will explore how Charles Dickens introduces Ebenezer Scrooge in the Stave One of "A Christmas Carol" and shows us Scrooge's attitude towards Christmas and to other people. 2 How does Charles Dickens present Scrooge? eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Part of the lesson that Scrooge must learn is that life is short but regrets are long and haunting, and have an affect even after death. 'Are there no How does Dickens present Bob Cratchit's family in stave 3 of A Christmas Carol? The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect. His stash of money could afford him a rich, luxurious Christmas but he avoids these traditions. "Belle," said the husband, turning to his wife with a smile, "I saw an old friend of yours this afternoon. The opening "Stave" of A Christmas Carol sets the mood, describes the setting, and introduces many of the principal characters. It was double-locked, as he had locked it with his own hands, and the bolts were undisturbed. Not admiring the man he has become, she grants him the freedom to be alone with his one true love, money. In the back and forth about marriage the story drops hints about Scrooges past that will become clear later. There's also a suggestion that, although Scrooge doesn't particularly care much for other people or their company, he isn't particularly egocentric. The listing of four types of bad weather intensifies the description of . For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Scrooge could have family, if only he would allow himself to. -Graham S. Scrooge sees "good" as referring solely to profits. Dickens uses pathetic fallacy to represent Scrooges nature. "Spirit, remove me from this place". Basically, he is an oyster with a shell made of his own low temperature. Lovely. Above all, Dickens wants his readers to recognize that all of society has an obligation to others, not just to ourselves. Such a heartless attitude leaves Scrooge a lonely, isolated man. showing how these feelings are still very raw to him. Scrooge bends over his weak fire. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Thus, we learn fairly quickly that Scrooge is uncompassionate, marked by bitterness, inexorable, and inflexible. Yet we have heard that Marley was at least somewhat generous in his lifetime. The weather is symbolic of Scrooges cold-hearted isolation. LitCharts Teacher Editions. To the gentlemen, he insists that he pays enough for public institutions like the prisons and workhouses (both truly terrible places), and he says that poor people should go there if they need helpa rather cruel perspective. Scrooge had diverged all relationships and friendships through his behaviour and negative approach. In other words, Scrooge is not alone; many people, while perhaps less obviously awful than Scrooge, share his sinful failings. What does Scrooges cold office represent in A Christmas Carol? Scrooge is isolated from the rest of society by his selfishness and lack of humanity. It's all a matter of perspective. Though it seems threatening, he is offering Scrooge a very tangible way to improve his fate. 12. Scrooges name was good upon Change, for anything he chose to put his hand to. Here Dickens, is described Scrooge, as a cold hearted man who sheds no emotion The . Benevolence and generosity overcome Scrooges hostile apathy as. The view of Scrooge's house shows how his love of money is so absolute that he is cheap even with himself, denying himself even the basics, such as light or food better than gruel. As I look through card racks, I am usually drawn to the humor section. Scrooge isnt a friendly person and people are afraid of approaching and talking to him, so he remains isolated. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. What happens to Scrooge at the end of the story? You must have been very slow about it, Jacob, Scrooge observed, in a business-like manner, though with humility and deference. "A solitary child. Please can you use PEE Point, Evidence, and Explanation. How does Dickens present the theme of transformation in A Christmas Carol? We'll notify as soon as your question has been answered. And he sobbed." Dickens presents Scrooge's character through exposition, dialogue, and point of view. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Dickens fills this first Stave with superlative and vivid descriptions of Scrooges miserly character and in so doing sets him up for quite a transformation. How does Dickens present the theme of transformation in A Christmas Carol? That's how alien he used to be. Download Print. People are simply a bother to him, an obstacle in the path to making money. Finally, Dickens also uses a third-person omniscient point of view to help us further understand Scrooge's thoughts and feelings. The clock tower that looks down on. What does Scrooge mean by surplus population? Scrooge asked if Tiny Tim will life. (5.67-69). But he does not. Click to see full answer. What do the children "Want" and "Ignorance" symbolize in A Christmas Carol? Scrooge's constant need to be alone could stem from his loneliness as a child. Scrooge's logic is somewhat consistenthe sees money as being the sole important thing in the world, and therefore sees anyone lacking money as being unimportant. He treats his employees, like Bob Cratchet, with scorn. Because he is now willing to actually touch another human being. It suggests that even though cruelty seems to reign, the goodness embodied by the Christmas message can always find a way through, through the fog, through the keyhole. eNotes Editorial, 29 July 2019, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-dickens-present-scrooge-s-character-in-507737. In Stave 1 when the portly gentlemen arrive looking for money for charity Scrooge says that returned the boy. Scrooge knew [Marley] was dead? He does not see the basic human value in all people. "Ha, ha!" He has money and lots of it, but that's no substitute for human connections. Year 8 Spanish Term 2 Food: Vocab test week 4, A Christmas Carol - Social Responsibility Quo, myPerspectives, English Language Arts, Grade 8, myPerspectives: English Language Arts, Grade 7, SpringBoard English Language Arts: Grade 11, California My Perspectives English Language Arts, Grade 9, Volume Two, BIOS222 Pathology and Clinical Science 2 and 3. they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population, There's another fellow," muttered Scrooge; who overheard him: "my clerk, with fifteen shillings a week, and a wife and family, talking about a merry Christmas. (including. Yes, my buck!" Dickens has presented Scrooge as an outsider in society . The theme of isolation is presented in A Christmas Carol through the character of Ebenezer Scrooge. a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! These words all have connotations to sadness and loneliness, especially 'melancholy' which means pensive sadness. The insistence on Marley's dead-ness and reference to Hamlet, one of the most well-known ghost stories of the time, hints that Marley is about to be un-dead and in so doing significantly change Scrooge's . The narrator states that there was no doubt about Marley 's death. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 'If they would rather die, . The fact that there are three spirits and that they will arrive at the same time for the next three nights creates a definite, easy structure for Scrooge, and the story, to follow. That's pretty creepy. (1.4). Scrooge never painted out Old Marley's name. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1725 titles we cover. Scrooge is isolated from the rest of society by his selfishness and lack of humanity. We learn later in the story exactly why Scrooge is so scornful toward love. The listing of four types of rough weather intensifies the description of Scrooge . Accessed 1 May 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Dickens then goes on to give examples of normal social behaviour of which Scrooge does not conform too to demonstrate that Scrooge is an outsider of society. But what did Scrooge care? Scrooge's character is synonymous with the cold, frigid environment, and his features seem to highlight his miserable, unfriendly demeanor. Struggling with distance learning? Cratchit, despite his poverty, celebrates Christmas with a childlike ritual of sliding down a hill with the street boys. Scrooge is presented as an old miser who cares only about his business and making money. (2.51-52). It's like a parody of "letting people in." Stave 5. This is then summarised by stating that Scrooge does not want to be sociable and in fact likes the isolation: it was the very thing he liked. The weather is a metaphor for Scrooges behaviour as he cannot be made either warmer or colder by it. Marley brings only warnings; he cannot himself help Scrooge. It's enough for a man to understand his own business, and not to interfere with other people's. Here, Scrooge is more like Dickens's later creations, Mr. Podsnad (from Our Mutual Friend) or Mrs. General (from Little Dorrit)characters who want to enclose and isolate the unpleasant from their sight because it's just too pesky to deal with. In Charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol, Belle is the beautiful young woman to whom Scrooge was once engaged. Scrooge is isolated from the rest of society by his selfishness and lack of . "It's not my business," Scrooge returned. Christmas is a time of family, and despite his scary appearance, we get the feeling that Marley is here to help. The reader would link the image of a flint as a stone the sharpen knives giving him a menacing image Dickens' intention here was to make the Rich at the time reflect on their actions not to make them ease their conscientious but to realise what they're doing is wrong, even though in the Victorian Era Religious beliefs were very strong ( especially Christianity) they weren't doing anything to help the poor and the evergrowing poverty of the world. Latest answer posted January 12, 2021 at 5:08:54 PM. "Scrooge took his melancholy dinner in his usual melancholy tavern;". We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. No warmth could warm, nor wintry weather chill him. Dickens vividly describes Ebenezer Scrooge by writing. Conveys that this character is happy and cheerful unlike Scrooge. In stave one of A Christmas Carol, the reader is presented with a number of scenarios which Dickens uses to convey Scrooge's character. 2. Scrooge doesn't believe in helping the poor; he'll attend to his own business, thank you very much. In Stave One of A Christmas CarolDickens sets the scene of the story. Throughout the book the theme of greediness is presented and backed up by the many sections that point out how much Scrooge strives to get more money. He adds that Scrooge very much knew that Marley was dead, having been . Dickens wants to convey to his readers the message that we all have obligations to each other. Good afternoon, gentlemen!" The spirit explain unless there are changes, he will die. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Scrooge stumbles to his bed and falls instantly asleep. Scrooge has isolated himself from his fellow man so long that he has lost the capacity to feel and empathize with other human beings. A Christmas Carol. We're not very far into Stave One and already we're left in no doubt as to what kind of person Scrooge really is. Scrooge and he were partners for I don't know how many years. His response is characteristically miserly: he feels nothing for the plight of the poor and, in fact, believes that their deaths would be useful in "reducing the surplus population." How would our understanding of Scrooge be different if we didn't get this backstory of loneliness and abandonment? Explain Ignorance and Want, who appear in stave 3 of A Christmas Carol. Dickens uses pathetic fallacy 'the weather sat in mournful meditation' to describe his home which suggests that, first in the story a Christmas carol by Charles Dickens Scrooge is portrayed as a Victorian miser Ebenezer Scrooge,It takes place in the historical Victorian era when poverty was at an all time high, the richer kept getting richer and the poorer or more poorer. (4.76), What's great about this scene is that Scrooge's isolation in life is subverted by the way his house and body are invaded and violated in death. How does Dickens present Scrooge as isolated and callous? When the ghost reminded him of this "he knew it. He was a heartless, cruel miser who makes money out of others financial inadequacy. What lesson does Scrooge learn from each spirit in A Christmas Carol? "How does Dickens present Scrooge's character in stave 1?" But I am sure I have always thought of Christmas time, when it has come round apart from the veneration due to its sacred name and origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that as, Scrooge is presented as a selfish, rude, angry and lonely character in Stave 1. In this way, Dickens universalizes his message. Bob Cratchit knows this all too well. What's great about this scene is that Scrooge's isolation in life is subverted by the way his house and body are invaded and violated in death. His father was a hard man and when Scrooges mother died, he takes his anger out on Scrooge. Log in here. Despite Scrooge's ill temper Fred generously and authentically invites him over. Marley's questions and Scrooge's answers about the senses are important. Main: Students work in 5 groups. He uses examples of direct address: My dear Scrooge, how are you? to highlight how unusual it would be for anyone to address Scrooge like this. Scrooge represents the ignorant attitude of the wealthy classes that Dickens despised in his own society. Oh! And travelling all the time?. At first he is still on the outside although finally curious about those around him: he simply "went" and "walked" and "watched". No one necessarily pushed Scrooge away, instead he himself ostracises from society. However, an oyster might contain a pearl, so it also suggests there might be good buried deep inside him, underneath the hard, brittle shell. This keeps people at a distance from Scrooge, keeps them out of his business, and allows him to conduct his business dealings without unnecessary distractions. He went to church, and walked about the streets, and watched the people hurrying to and fro, and patted children on the head, and questioned beggars . Scrooge expects a day's work for a day's wages, even if the wages he pays seem to be well below poverty level. Why is Scrooge isolated in A Christmas Carol? Greed, Generosity and Forgiveness. In stave one of A Christmas Carol, the reader is presented with a number of scenarios which Dickens uses to convey Scrooge's character. 6. Dickens uses non finite verbs like a, In this extract, Dickens presents Scrooge as dark and mysterious through describing his home. Seven years dead, mused Scrooge. In the end of the novel he is described as generous and clean hearted. Joining their horny hands over the rough table at which they sat, they wished each other Merry Christmas in their can of grog; and one of them: the elder, too, with his face all damaged and scarred with hard weather, as the figure-head of an old ship might be: struck up a sturdy song that was like a Gale in itself. He even spurs his own nephew who invites him for Christmas dinner. Scrooge has already, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. It's Christmas Eve in London, and as Scrooge is still toiling away in his office, we realize immediately that we are dealing with someone who's, at best, a workaholic. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Scrooge follows the same pattern everyday, alone. We do get the thoughts and feelings of many characters, and this has the effect of helping us to better understand all of them. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Scrooge shivered, and wiped the perspiration from his brow. "A solitary child. He is smug and condescending about the poor, and refuses to listen to the gentlemens reasoning. Stave 2. What does no eye at all is better than an evil eye dark master mean? Latest answer posted January 12, 2021 at 5:08:54 PM. His partner lies upon the point of death, I hear; and there he sat alone. 2023 Shmoop University Inc | All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal. Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event, but that he was an excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral, and solemnised it with an undoubted bargain. Latest answer posted December 03, 2020 at 4:13:31 PM. Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly, cold-hearted owner of a London counting . And quite ornery too. Name the six places the second spirit takes Scrooge in A Christmas Carol. 4 How does Dickens present Scrooge in stave 1? What is the theme of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens? - he's lonely and doesn't want to associate or communicate with anyone. Why? It refers to the unemployed and underemployed in capitalist society. This Novella is still relevant to us today. For Scrooge, poverty is the result of idleness and the gentlemen cannot inspire in him any feelings of empathy or philanthropy: "It's not my business,'' Scrooge returned. (Stave is a British word for "staff," a set of five horizontal lines on which musical notes are written.) neglected by his friends, is left there still." Stave 2. Built upon a dismal reef of sunken rocks, some league or so from shore, on which the waters chafed and dashed, the wild year through, there stood a solitary lighthouse. By the end of the story, Scrooge is a changed man, sharing his wealth and generosity with everyone. "Now, I'll tell you what, my friend," said Scrooge, "I am not going to stand this sort of thing any longer. This is not just a tale of one man's redemption; it is a kind of call to arms for all people to take to heart. Fred is the opposite of Scrooge in appearance and spirit. Dickens uses non-finite verbs to show how evil scrooge is and how he lends money and sets the interest rates, and then he fights to get every penny back. Some people learn through practice, using essays and notes; others prefer video lessons to watch and learn, some just need help with a specifically hard question, while some learn best 1-on-1 tutoring sessions. The insistence on Marley's dead-ness and reference to Hamlet, one of the most well-known ghost stories of the time, hints that Marley is about to be un-dead and in so doing significantly change Scrooge's life, just as Old Hamlet's appearance changed Hamlet's. "An intelligent boy!" The images of people trying their best to escape from being isolated are really quite moving, even if they are rather generic and Hallmark-card-like. Why does the Ghost of Christmas Past show Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone in A Christmas Carol? The only person in Scrooges family that means anything to his, is his sister, Fan. How is Scrooge like this? (2.138-39,143). Even when he is shaking in his slippers at the sight of Marley's Ghost, Scrooge can still think clearly in the moment and ask pertinent questions. Scrooge is also shown to be self-centred. Why does the Ghost of Christmas Past show Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone in A Christmas Carol? Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. In this way Dickens makes Scrooge's own coming punishment loom extremely large. In stave one, Ebenezer Scrooge is depicted as an extremely cold, callous businessman who is insensitive, cold-hearted, and miserly. Dickens's portrayal of Scrooge's unfriendly, miserly personality only emphasizes his remarkable transformation after he is visited by three spirits that night. By the end of the story, Scrooge has transformed into a loving, charismatic, friendly man who is generous, warm, and hospitable. He is sent away from the family. Scrooge's practicality and lack of sentimentality are also shown by his lack of concern for the "Scrooge and Marley" sign hanging outside the counting house. The listing of four types of rough weather intensifies the description of Scrooge being naturally isolated and callous. The listing of four types of rough weather intensifies the description of Scrooge being naturally isolated and callous. Just as Scrooge seems unaffected by the cold and darkness, he also shuns his feelings of fear and refuses to trust his senses or give in to them. This simile suggests he is shut up, tightly closed and will not be prised open except by force. Refine any search. Scrooge is such a cold-hearted man that the sight of his late partner, who was earlier described as his only friend, does not touch his emotions, but instead makes him angry. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, "Secret, And Self-contained, And Solitary As An Oyster". His abruptness shows that he would do everything in his power to make the two kind gentlemen disappear. Scrooge! In the opening paragraphs, Dickens talks about Marley's funeral. And he sobbed. He should!. How does Charles Dickens present Scrooge? . Scrooge is generally unapproachable, and he prefers it that way. Scrooge has a scientific mind. The listing of four types of rough weather intensifies the description of Scrooge being naturally isolated and callous. "It's a pleasure to talk to him. Do you know whether they've sold the prize Turkey that was hanging up there?Not the little prize Turkey: the big one?". "If I could work my will, said Scrooge indignantly, every idiot who goes about with Merry Christmas' on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. Dickens presents Scrooge's character in this extract as stubborn, selfish and rude. It was the very thing he liked. The opening Stave also establishes the novel's . We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! Dickens also describes Scrooge as an outsider, because he isolates himself away from everyone else. Even there, he builds the interaction, starting small with the insignificantchildren, beggarsand only then moving on to people in houses, and finally to the really important, his nephew. This is suggested when he is described as, "Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster".Here, he is presented as a cold, mean and a . I'll retire to Bedlam, Good afternoon and more. How do we know? That Dickens called Scrooge "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner" supports his fundamental business sense. ? It's interesting that he and Marley basically had the same lifestyle. Dickens vividly describes Ebenezer Scrooge by writing, Scrooge! But then he starts to interact by "patting" and "questioning" and "looking into". He wishes nothing to do with the two gentlemen and wishes "to be left alone.". A Christmas Carol Lesson 1: Context - Pre-reading. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. How is isolation presented in A Christmas Carol? Why is Belle important in A Christmas Carol? Oysters are confined solitarily inside their shells, of course, but they nevertheless function quite well on their own and within the oyster community, the oyster bed.
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how is scrooge presented as isolated in stave 1