5G mmWave Modulation used here is QAM to save the bandwidth. NULoffset = offset used to calculate uplink EARFCN. 0000014175 00000 n WebEARFCN number is within range 0 to 65535 and equation between LTE carrier frequency (MHz) and EARFCN is mentioned below. Requirements for Downlink Design: In the downlink configuration, the transmitting antenna for sending the downlink signal and amplifier is present at the satellite itself. Flutterwave welcomes the withdrawal of claims against the company by the Asset Recovery Agency (ARA) in July 2022 and looks forward to market expansion in Kenya. (454.083 + 5 = 459.083), The UHF T-Band is the 470-520MHz part of the UHF spectrum and it uses +3 offset for example if you are transmitting at 510.872 MHz you are receiving at 507.872 MHz. Nestled At the U.S.-Africa Business Forums Deal Room, the White Houses Prosper Africa initiative announced today an ambitious set of multimillion-dollar 2020 - brandiq.com.ng. 0000013004 00000 n WebThe uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). The duplex distance for GSM is 80 MHz, where each channel has two frequencies that are 80 MHz apart. The uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). The reason why the DC subcarrier is not used for downlink transmission is that it may be subject to disproportionately high interference due to, for example, local-oscillator leakage. Latitude and longitude of the uplink and downlink earth stations. In our previous content on satellite uplink, we have discussed how the signal from the earth station is transmitted to the satellite. 0000015513 00000 n Please Contact Us for more information on our exciting range of solutions using LTE technology, Company management systems, standards and guidelines certified to ISO 9001:2015, Wireless Excellence Ltd Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, CableFree Technical Support Portal WebAfter specifying the uplink and downlink settings, select Analyze to update the gains and losses reported in the Results tab and the tabs with plots of free space path loss (FSPL) LTE EARFCN Equation F downlink = F DL_Low + 0.1 (N DL - N DL_Offset) F uplink = F UL_Low + 0.1 (N UL - N UL_Offset) Where, N DL is downlink EARFCN N UL is uplink EARFCN N DL_Offset is offset used to calculate downlink EARFCN 0000015681 00000 n 2G & 3G: CableFree GSM, GPRS & UMTS Solutions, Custom SIM cards for 4G LTE & 5G NR Networks, CableFree Pearl High Performance MIMO Radio, CableFree Sapphire High Performance MIMO Radio, Fibre Cut Avoiding Network Outage Using Wireless, Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP), Mining: CableFree 5G for mining Applications, CPRI Interfaces for 4G & 5G Base Stations, 5G Frequency Bands & Spectrum Allocations, LTE Frequency Bands & Spectrum Allocations, LTE Network Latency compared with 2G, 3G & WiFi, Remote Management of CableFree LTE CPEs using TR-069, LTE S1 Interface: LTE RAN to Evolved Packet Core, LTE S5/S8 Interface: Between the S-GW and P-GW, FSO Guide Free Space Optics, Optical Wireless, Low Latency Technology for Wireless Networks, XPIC Cross Polarization Interference Cancellation, CableFree MMW E-Band Regulation by OFCOM in the UK, 802.11ay wireless technology: Next-gen 60GHz WiFi, MIMO Radio Antenna Technology White Paper, OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Both TDD and FDD have their advantages and each can be used in different deployment scenarios. Satellite Communication - Transponders In the 5G era, FDD will remain the main duplex scheme for lower frequency bands; however, for higher frequency bands, especially above 10GHz and targeting very dense deployments, TDD will play more important role. Even though the full data rate on the carrier is about 270.83 kbps, some of this supports the management overhead, and therefore the data rate allocated to each time slot is only 22.8 kbps. It converts a band of frequencies from a lower frequency to a higher frequency.The Ku-band frequency is protected by international laws. 0000035428 00000 n Select the operating frequency, location and data rate from below to calculate the Sytem Link Margin and determine at what datarates, the link breaks! The spectrum used for FDD systems is allocated by the regulatory bodies. *X6pM! (~b This means that the available data rate for transporting the digitally encoded speech is 13 kbps for the basic vocoder. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. 168 0 obj 0000024244 00000 n Channel spacing indicates the spacing between adjacent carrier frequencies. The pathloss formula is as follow: PL = 40log (d) + 13.47 - 14log (hBS) - 14log (hMS) + 6log (fc/5.0) I know all of parameters except fc. In UMTS, UARFCN stands for UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number. The fallback DCI for DL scheduling has the same payload size as the UL DCI for PUSCH scheduling, except when UL MIMO is configured. 0000016180 00000 n It is worth noting that interband carrier aggregation with different uplinkdownlink configurations may imply simultaneous uplink transmission and downlink reception in the device. Link budget calculators for both an RF and an optical communications system: A Guide to CubeSat Mission and Bus Design by Frances Zhu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. endobj The small payload has restrictions as spatial multiplexing cannot be scheduled from this smaller DCI format. They must provide sufficient isolation between transmitter and receiver to prevent receiver desensitization, Architecture of a Wireless Wide-Area Network (WWAN), 3GPP Physical Layer Solutions for LTE and the Evolution Toward NR, Advanced Antenna Systems for 5G Network Deployments, Does not require paired spectrum as both transmit and receive occur on the same channel, Requires paired spectrum with sufficient frequency separation to allow simultaneous transmission and reception, Diplexer is needed and the implementation cost is higher, Channel propagation is the same in both directions which enables estimation of the downlink channel from the uplink channel, Channel characteristics are different in both directions as a result of the use of different frequencies, It is possible to dynamically change the UL and DL ratio based on the traffic volume in each direction, UL/DL bandwidths are determined by frequency allocation designated by the regulatory authorities. The 800 MHz, 700 MHz, UHF and UHF T-band radio frequency ranges have standardized offsets. Repeater (Duplex Frequency, Repeated) radio communications always require two frequencies: The uplink path from the transmitting radio to the repeater, and the downlink path from the repeater to receiving radio. Prior to that, the control signaling is briefly introduced as it is important to understand how TM switching is performed without losing the connection to the UE and to briefly discuss how scheduling is performed. The 800 band uses a -45 offset for example, if you are transmitting at 807.055 MHz you are receiving at 852.055 MHz (852.055 45 = 807.055), The 700 band uses a +30 offset for example if you are transmitting at 803.246 MHz you are receiving at 773.246 MHz. Also note that, in LTE release 10 and later, the total bandwidth of the transmitted signal can be significantly larger than 20MHz, up to 100MHz in release 10 and 640MHz in release 13, by aggregating multiple carriers, see Section 5.5. A negative (-) offset means you are transmitting at a lower frequency than you receive. GSM - Specification - TutorialsPoint What is 5G NR-Light, a.k.a. RedCap, and how will it accelerate the Want to create or adapt books like this? Finally, using the information described above, summary tables were generated for each ground station location, for 0.1% outage probability, a max BER of 0.0001 at various Bit Rates were generated. LTE/LTE-Advanced TDD Frame Configurations [3]. On the other hand, in the uplink (lower part of Figure5.3), no unused DC subcarrier is defined and the center frequency of an uplink carrier is located between two uplink subcarriers. endstream then leverages functions from srsRAN [21] to calculate the time delay for each uplink signal and align them. LTE Physical Layer Overview - Keysight The process that involves downlink operation is sometimes referred to as download. stream In LTE/LTE-Advanced, there are seven different patterns of uplink/downlink switching known as uplinkdownlink configurations 0 through 6 that are shown in Table 10.2 [3]. Calculator How do you calculate downlink frequency by uplink? - Answers Although this delay is relatively short, switching between transmission and reception several times in a second, even a small guard time can reduce the spectral efficiency of the system since a percentage of time must be used for the guard interval. An example of a link budget in diagram form. Large guard period will limit the capacity. LTESniffer: An Open-source LTE Downlink/Uplink Eavesdropper It is to be noted here that the EIRP of satellite or gain of the receiver does not put an impact on the downlink quality. 0000012604 00000 n We can also calculate our expected uplink noise value to the site. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Designing a downlink is not much difficult. 0000043219 00000 n The set of PDCCH candidates and their positions on the subframe is known as the PDCCH search space. Therefore, LTE supports both frequency- and time-division-based duplex arrangements. 9.0 Communications | NASA The downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). When UL MIMO as introduced in release 10 is enabled for the UE, then a third payload size is used. The smaller DCI is therefore often called the fallback DCI. For the FDD scheme to properly operate, it is necessary that the frequency separation, that is, channel separation between the transmission and reception frequencies, to be sufficient in order to prevent the receiver blocking due to high-power transmitter signal. Duplexers are designed for operation in the frequency band used by the receiver and transmitter and must be capable of handling the output power of the transmitter. There are multiple TMs in LTE and the UE is simultaneously configured with one DL and one UL TM. Furthermore, once the Gain to Noise Temperature Ration (GT Ratio) was calculated based on chose antenna and Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), the Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR) was estimated for a wide range of Bit Rates on an uncoded BPSK system. Our labs have achieved 5G NR-DC downlink throughput speeds of up to 5.3Gbps and uplink throughput speeds of up to 670Mbps. Downlink This when provided to the downconverter mixes the WebUplink PFDsat Satellite Link Budget Calculator Complete all boxes in the white rows and then click any calculate button to obtain results in the green rows. explained: Speed, range, latency, frequency 0000002275 00000 n Discontinuous transmission is required to allow both uplink and downlink transmissions. Webdownlink and uplink By TechTarget Contributor These terms should not be confused with downstream and upstream. The uplink frequency can then be easily calculated if we know the Special Subframe Configurations in TDD [3], Henrik Asplund, Erik Larsson, in Advanced Antenna Systems for 5G Network Deployments, 2020. DL control signaling in LTE and NR used to schedule UL and DL transmissions uses downlink control information (DCI), which is mapped onto the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in the control region of the subframe (see Fig. UMTS WCDMA RRC States Radio Solutions, Inc. was established in 1998. Table 3.7 summarizes and compares the relative attributes of TDD and FDD systems. The relation between EARFCN and its uplink/downlink carrier frequencyis given by the equation below, NDL = downlink EARFCN This UARFCN calculator does UARFCN to Frequency conversion. WebInteractive System Link Margin Calculator. On assuming that the signal bandwidth B is equivalent to the noise bandwidth BN. 4G LTE Frequency Bands Frequency high (optional) GSM / EDGE frequency band (45.005) Sort. Figure 10.10. However, when the satellite transmits the achieved uplink signal back towards the ground then it is known as a downlink. Complete Link of Satellite Communication consist of: Uplink & Downlink. All Right Reserved. 0000000015 00000 n While FDD transmissions require a large frequency separation between the transmitter and receiver frequencies, TDD schemes require a guard time or guard interval between transmission and reception. WebUplink Frequency = 14.00 GHz Translation Frequency = 1.75 GHz Downlink Frequency = 14.0 1.75 = 12.25 GHz With all of this in mind, there is always a caveat, so here it is. Notice that with zero rain attenuation, an estimated 164 Mb/s link is possible with encoded Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) transmitted messages. In a similar way, when the condition for the downlink is applied then the above equation will be modified as: [LOSSES]D denotes the earth station receiver feeder losses and. WebUMTS Uplink Frequency in MHz (Output2): UMTS Uplink UARFCN (Output3): UARFCN calculator EXAMPLE: Input : UMTS Downlink UARFCN = 10570 Outputs: UMTS Downlink In this chapter, some of the uplink-specific aspects of frame structure are repeated to set the ground for further uplink physical layer discussions as well as physical channel mappings. The downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). (733.246 + 30 = 803.246), The UHF band uses +5 offset in the 450-470MHz range for example if you are transmitting at 459.083 MHz you are receiving at 454.083 MHz. In this case 31 dB. In an FDD scheme, all ten subframes within a radio frame contain either downlink or uplink subframes depending on the link direction. For some of the messages scheduled from CSS, the preferred beam toward the UE is unknown (as in paging) or the message is a multicast message (such as system information). A major issue in limiting the capacity of non-cooperative cellular massive MIMO networks operating in TDD mode is the pilot contamination. A block upconverter (BUC) is used in the transmission (uplink) of satellite signals. - Atmospheric attenuation is estimated to around 2.6 dB. Agree NUL = uplink EARFCN Most radio repeater systems include a duplexer. 0000015012 00000 n % UARFCN calculator | UARFCN to Frequency conversion formula Web1 / 20 Two adjacent points on the wave Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Abby_Hetherington Terms in this set (20) What is used to measure distance of a radio wavelength? You will also need the following information that you and your customer can supply [Bill Sepmeier]: Once the above information is available, it is a simple matter to plug the data into the spreadsheet and calculate the link budget.. Up link rain attenuation (dB) Rain fall results in attenuation of radio waves by scattering , and by absorption , of energy from the wave. Thus, TDD can operate in unpaired spectrum, whereas FDD requires paired spectrum. The GSM system operates using frequency division duplex (FDD) and as a result, paired frequency bands are required for the up- and downlink transmissions. 0000011268 00000 n Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. WebEARFCN stands for E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.In LTE, the carrier frequency in the uplink and downlink is designated by EARFCN, which ranges between 0-65535. The uplink and downlink transmitters use separate frequency bands for transmissions; therefore, both downlink and uplink transmitters can transmit at all times and at the same time [3]. 0000013674 00000 n Table 3.7. It shows central frequency of UMTS Uplink UARFCN = 9620. Before deciding on a particular type of duplex scheme, it is necessary to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each duplex mode. WebDownlink telemetry and communications cannot be obscured (encrypted). 8.2). 0000001913 00000 n Vital characteristics of the GSM specification are listed below. In the coming months, AT&T will also enable 5G New Radio Dual Connectivity (NR-DC), aggregating our low and mid-band spectrum with our high-band mmWave WebARFCN, UARFCN, EARFCN and NR-ARFCN Calculator. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. 165 54 Image by Dr. Akin. Comparison of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) attributes. This chapter begins with a discussion on overall time-frequency structure. This contrasts with current TDD-based mobile technologies, including TD-LTE, for which there are restrictions on the downlink/uplink configurations; thus there typically exist assumptions about using the same configuration for neighboring cells and between neighboring operators. 0000013507 00000 n Flutterwave has fully cooperated with all stages of this review. 0000013339 00000 n (a) 2.7 to 3.2 GHz (b) 3.7 to 4.2 GHz (c) 5.9 to 6.4 GHz (d) 6.9 to 7.4 GHz Correct option - (b) Since data may not be able to be routed immediately to the transmission chain as a result of the time multiplexing between transmit and receive circuitry, there will be a small delay between the data being generated and being actually transmitted. Your email address will not be published. 0000051313 00000 n Table 10.3. Life safety in-building radio communications systems for emergency first responders is all we do. The LTE physical timefrequency resource. Two adjacent points on the wave What is antenna gain? Each of these slots are used for both transmission as well as reception of data. It takes Downlink UARFCN as input and delivers Downlink Frequency, Uplink UARFCN and Uplink Frequency as the outputs. The gross transmission rate of a timeslot is 22.8 Kbps. This may appear confusing at first glance but is the standard in LTE networks. A positive offset (+) means you are transmitting at a higher frequency than you receive. Comparison with Other Courses and References, 3. Frequency-domain structure for LTE. (1) The uplink frequency specified in the table is calculated from the expression fch(n) = Fch(n) TM/240, Hence, it is always possible to reach the UE with a scheduling command with the smaller DCI payload, which is useful when the UE is reconfigured to a different TM as this reconfiguration takes a few milliseconds and it is ambiguous exactly when the UE has changed to the new TM. In the coming months, AT&T will also enable 5G New Radio Dual Connectivity (NR-DC), aggregating our low and mid-band spectrum with our high-band mmWave spectrum on 5G SA. This means that the capacity should be ideally greater in the downlink direction. Note that contrary to An Open-source LTE Downlink/Uplink Eavesdropper WiSec 23, May 29-June 1, 2023, Guildford, United The estimated maximum Bit Rate for both uplink and downlink for this location with rain effects at 99.9% reliability is 160 kb/s. However, this was then achieved by means of, at least in the details, relatively different radio-access technologies leading to additional effort and complexity when developing and implementing dual-mode devices capable of both FDD and TDD operation. Two ports are multiplexed onto a third port. 169 0 obj Why is the uplink frequency higher than the downlink frequency in The actual data is then provided to various network components with the help of a router. Also, during the downlink operation, the output power shows dependency on the downlink signal frequencies. The CSS is used for broadcast messages, such as system information, paging, and random access response messages. 3.11 The Uplink - idc-online.com arimas As discussed above satellite downlink corresponds to the transmission of a signal from the satellite towards the earth station. When the audio signal passes through a filter, it mimics the vocal tract. 2023-2030 Ku-Band BUC Market Future Scope and Growth In a TDD scheme, the bandwidth is shared between uplink and downlink, with the sharing being performed by allotting different periods of time to uplink and downlink (i.e., time multiplexing). The number of OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols within one subframe is either 14 for a normal cyclic prefix or 12 for an extended cyclic prefix (Figure 10.10). A low-frequency signal propagates more than the high-frequency signal for the same amount of transmitted power. 5G Test Lab, (C) 2020 Wireless Excellence Limited - All rights reserved. 5G NR 4G LTE 3G UMTS 2G GSM WiFi DVB-T2 DAB+ FM : Band: Uplink Here, the speech is encoded at 13 kbps. If your downlink iBwave design shows signal variance greater than 31 dB, throw it out and start over. In the downlink (upper part of Figure5.3), there is an unused DC subcarrier that coincides with the carrier center frequency. endobj WCDMA TDD vs FDD physical layer Uplink and Downlink 0000015179 00000 n Modulation is the process of transforming the input data into a suitable format for the transmission medium. Carrier Processor performs the frequency down conversion of received signal (uplink). Guard period required to ensure uplink and downlink transmissions do not interfere. 0000025138 00000 n For DL scheduling, there is both a small DCI payload format and a large DCI payload format. Notice that the estimated maximum Bit Rate for both uplink and downlink frequencies for this location with rain effects at 99.9% reliability is 320 kb/s. Gigabit Wireless Note that a guard band in frequency domain is required to suppress interference to adjacent bands. Similar to the input back off which we have considered for satellite uplink a corresponding output back off must be there regarding the satellite EIRP. UARFCN is the easy way of representing frequency pairs (uplink and downlink) in the UMTS system. kb/uplink-and-downlink-offset | rsibda Your email address will not be published. then leverages functions from srsRAN [21] to calculate the time WebThe three functions of a communications system are receiving commands from Earth (uplink), transmitting data down to Earth (downlink) and transmitting or receiving information from another satellite (crosslink or inter-satellite link) (figure 9.1). The 800 MHz, 700 MHz, UHF and UHF T-band radio frequency ranges have standardized offsets. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. WebThe downlink frequency is typically the frequency referenced when referring to a radios frequency in general. In this process, the FDMA part divides the frequency of the total 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 kHz bandwidth. The LTE standard specifies the lengths in terms of the sampling time Ts, but the lengths can be interpreted in terms of the number of OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols, as shown in Table 10.3. trailer << /Info 163 0 R /Root 166 0 R /Size 219 /Prev 237624 /ID [<301ddea0a3ff6d6b50e305c3f9f660f2><4943c9a6643ba6f4727eaf375aa6cb63>] >> The downlink includes the factors that affect the transmission from satellite to earth station. Fdownlink=FDLLow+0.1(NDLNDLOffset)Fdownlink=FDLLow+0.1(NDL-NDLOffset). 0000011646 00000 n Since an RB has a spectral occupancy of 180 kHz (an RB is equal to 12 RE, each with 15 kHz) we can JUST IN: President Buhari To Present 2022 Budget To Nigeria@61: Kate Henshaw, Sijibomi, Tony Nwulu, Others Share Thoughts I CAN NEVER INSULT ASIWAJU, HE IS MY FATHER Brandcomfest, Brandcom Awards Hold at DPodium, Ikeja, Online Training: Sunshine Cinema Partners UCT to Develop Filmmakers. The transmitted data is demodulated back to its original form at the receiving end. Typically, there is more data transmitted in the downlink direction of a cellular system. The input to the amplifier unit like klystron or TWTA is the upconverted signal which is amplified after the elimination of the noise component so as to get a high level of total effective power. %PDF-1.4 Have a look at the figure below, illustrating the elements that are the parts of satellite downlink: The signal from the satellite transmitter is received by the satellite dish through feed horns. The estimated maximum Bit Rate for both uplink and downlink frequencies for this location with rain effects at 99.9% reliability is 2.56 Mb/s. Basically, the signal coming from the downlink is in the microwave range (1000 MHz) i.e., in the frequency band C, S, X, Ka, Ku. WebNow, as would have thought, separate frequency bands are always allocated for uplink and downlink signals, often separated by a gap (maybe for future allocation, since the span of Further, this L-band signal is fed to the demodulator unit where the demodulation of the downlink signal is done and the digital data stream is extracted. As mentioned in Chapter 9, LTE/LTE-Advanced downlink and uplink transmissions are organized into radio frames of duration 10ms consisting of 10 equally-sized consecutive subframes of 1ms each, consisting of a number of consecutive OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols. The transmit and receive channel Free Space Loss was estimated from 71-76GHz and 81-86GHz with a distance between the earth station and antenna calculated based on geostationary orbit. Frequency. The signals on each input ports occupy nonoverlapping frequency bands. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Stripline Impedance calculator Subscribe my Newsletter for new blog posts, tips & new photos. AT&T is Taking 5G to the Next Level with Standalone 5G Use of science gathered via amateur radio downlink for profit (pecuniary interest) is prohibited. The guard interval required for TDD will comprise two main elements: (1) A time-allowance for the propagation delay for any transmission from a remote transmitter to arrive at the receiver. Vijay K. Garg, in Wireless Communications & Networking, 2007. The lengths of DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS can take one of the ten combinations of values given in Table 10.3. Rain attenuation increases with increasing frequency and in worse at Ku band compared to C The downlink frequency is typically the frequency referenced when referring to a radios frequency in general. WebBasically, the signal coming from the downlink is in the microwave range ( 1000 MHz) i.e., in the frequency band C, S, X, Ka, Ku. The locations of the uplink, downlink, and special 0000015347 00000 n Increasing band; Band: Downlink (MHz) Bandwidth (MHz) Uplink (MHz) Chanel number Arfcn: Duplex spacing Downlink (MHz) Bandwidth (MHz) Uplink (MHz) Chanel number Arfcn: Duplex spacing (MHz) Low: Middle: High: Low: (See examples below of an actual design.) The requirements for different Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems differ for each PCS network. Figure12.2. V^|~mk3uho}mY=Xs-6^o~&Vz9.c46jvv qP}]/[Gz}W~F 0000023358 00000 n The frequency separation is dependent upon the band in use (for GSM900, it is 45 MHz). What is downlink and uplink? | Definition from TechTarget Frequency- and time-division duplex. However, there is a minor difference between the downlink and uplink in terms of where the carrier center frequency is located in relation to the subcarriers. Here low pass filters can be used that can block the high-frequency component of the uplink signal and can pass the low-frequency component constituting the downlink signal. We are truly dedicated to advancing and delivering wireless communications technologies that help our first responders save lives and improve public safety. PUSCH Frequency Uplink Uplink Grant UL data Time Figure 1: Physical layer channel structure. 0000025468 00000 n Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink frequencies. There are two types of LTE Frequency Bands FDD and TDD. http://www.satcoms.org.uk/satellite-link-budget-calculator.asp, https://www.tutorialsweb.com/satcom/satellite-link-budget-calculator.htm, https://spacegrant.colorado.edu/COSGC_Projects/co3sat/downloads/CS1-COM100.03%20AMSAT%20IARU%20Link%20Budget.xls, https://cedarweb.vsp.ucar.edu/wiki/images/7/75/Cubesat_Link-Budget.xls, https://www.maximintegrated.com/content/dam/files/design/tools/tech-docs/5142/AN5142-link-budget.xls, https://www.rfwireless-world.com/downloads/RF-Link-Budget.xlsx, https://sourceforge.isae.fr/projects/satlinktool-a-tool-for-analysing-geo-satcom/wiki/Link_Budget, http://rfic.eecs.berkeley.edu/~niknejad/ee242/pdf-lock/NIST_LinkBudgetCalc_2_4_konglk.xls, Next: Software Lab for Communications Creating a Link Budget, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
?>
how to calculate uplink and downlink frequency