kamikaze language techniques

Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. The pilots actions were meant to be bold and affirmative and bring honour and glory to the nation. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. The patriotism and honour of the kamikaze pilots is felt with the words one-way journey into history, showing that the pilots felt that their actions would bring both themselves and their country glory in some way. Her email address is hillj@uhd.edu. adjective. Further research into military documentation, especially those not yet translated into English, from the perspective of technical communication and rhetoric would be fruitful. His email address is duncanm@uhd.edu. , or kami, refers to gods, the mind, and the soul. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. AQA Power and Conflict - Loss - Kamikaze / Poppies - YouTube Feifer, G. (2012). The desired state is the destruction of the target vessel; the prerequisite state is locating the target; the interim states are getting into position to attack; unwanted states include making a bad approach that misses the target (Farkas, 1999; van der Meij & Gellevvij, 2004) or questioning the mission. AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. Or, more pressing for technical communicators, is writing such a manual at all ethical? With its navy, air force, and merchant fleets shattered, mainland Japan was on the verge of an American ground invasion that, according to widespread American propaganda, could come at any time. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 25(3), 261273. (Reprinted from Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. It is her usual face. Through the pictures taken by the photographer, the poet presents how shocking the effect of war is. The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. The word kamikaze means divine wind in Japanese. A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. Bernhardts 1992 study of two versions (1970 and 1990) of an Army maintenance manual using cartoon images of women is illustrative. We are grateful to Mr. Takeshi Kawatoko of the Chiran Peace Museum, who generously shared with us a copy of Manual 1 and tirelessly advised us on the Japanese language of the time and the contextualized, implied meanings in the text. These are not objective instructions but rhetorical acts, and the extreme nature of the intended desired state make them excellent examples of such acts for pedagogy when demonstrating the wide range of the manual genre for students and instructors. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. Also, in February 1944, General Hideki Tojo, prime minister and head of the military, issued an emergency declaration, where he essentially stated that all of Japan had to be prepared to die, using the phrase ichioku gyokusai, 100 million shattering like a jewel (Sato, 2017). The first official Togo unit was formed in October of 1944 by Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi (Correll, 2015) during the second battle of Leyte Gulf, but the bulk of organized, sanctioned kamikaze attacks occurred during the Battle of Okinawa in AprilJune 1945, when nearly 1,500 planes and pilots (the vast majority of whom were inexperienced) were used to sink approximately 24 American ships (Baer, 1996). In either case, it is necessary to choose appropriately the point of charging and its start time of the attack in order to get the expected result by crashing into the enemys ship. (GCSE 1hr PP with differentiated tasks, New Spec) This vastly different sense of pilot mortality affects the form of the instructions, in that typical safety information, basic defensive measures, or maintenance procedures are not considered; the manuals nature is entirely offensive and single-pathed toward the desired state. As technical communication professors, we first became interested in analyzing these manuals as particularly extreme examples of the genre that test the boundaries of what can be considered technical instruction. The same goes for Formationsthere is no humanistic content, only triangles and lines. theme. Figure 2 is a sample excerpt taken from Chapter 1 that, upon a cursory glance, illustrates the cumbersome nature of the majority of steps included. His action (of returning home rather than committing suicide) shamed the entire family and the nation. Garland's Perspective We have not yet examined the original, but we have a high-quality scan courtesy of the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots in Japan, where the original is located. docx, 36.18 KB. The division between the two formal chapters, Attack Preparation and Attack Implementation, feels arbitrary. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The logical and rhetorical constructions of procedural discourse. Technical Communication, 61(2), 7694. Kamikaze is a narrative poem. The poem tells the story of one particular pilot who decides to turn back, prompted by a childhood memory of his brother and father by the sea. There is no improvising or mental meandering to be done during a suicide attack, save rote airspeed and altitude correction. We're here to help your child succeed. This mindset was not limited to Togo pilots; the mass suicides of both Japanese soldiers and civilians during the invasion of Okinawa paralleled the intense kamikaze attacks of the war off the coast (Shimpo et al., 2014, p. 3). Their attacks were unorthodox, but the equal of suicidal attacks has happened in wars throughout history. Kamikaze pilots were soldiers who flew aircraft loaded with explosives into enemy ships in suicide attacks. There is a brief glimpse of possible empathy in passage 3, as noted before, but it seems to be a slip of an otherwise authoritative mask. If these manuals did not fully humanize the act of suicide in battle, can we judge their design or message, or, more importantly, judge future uses of this kind of rhetoric if the situation seemingly calls for an impersonal approach as being the best for mission success? Line-by-Line Analysis Beatrice Garland - Beatrice Garland is an English poet that won War II with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour (a the 2001 National Poetry Prize for her poem 'Undressing.' She wrote no poetry for some time after, instead focusing her More specifically, there are too many points listed for easy memory retrieval, and they are general in nature and not elaborated well. With Japans bushido code of no surrender for its soldiers (and civilians), coupled with American determination to end the war, an American invasion of Japan likely would have meant millions of deaths, given the determination by which the Japanese had defended small volcanic islands like Iwo Jima in February and March of 1945. We can also surmise that this typical Togo pilot was also, by having these four qualities, susceptible to the authoritarian discourse in these manuals. A total of 49 steps are articulated in Chapters 1 and 2. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 56(4), 294312. Loorbach, N., Steehouder, M., & Taal, E. (2006). It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. Kamikaze. "Kamikaze" is a poem that describes the actions and mindset of the Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II. Each, along with the imperative text, contributes to an abstracted, clinical perspective that dehumanizes and renders abstract the horrific act of these pilots suicides. It is also, in our opinion, chilling. The first full stop of the entire poem occurs at the end of the fifth stanza as the pilot makes the life altering decision to turn back and the remainder of the poem is in the voice of his daughter. The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. The usefulness of prior examinations of instructional materials in the literature to our analysis is limited. Baer, G. W. (1996). You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. Garland's poem was in part inspired by this article, an interview with two kamikaze pilots. Loose comparisons could be made between the Togo pilots and the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who apparently had a highly religious Last Night document with detailed instructions (New York Times). kamikaze language techniques religious interview questions and answers sharleen spiteri ashley heath . ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. Simple sentences 11. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. You feel that the speed has increased by a few thousand-fold. 2. an airplane used for this purpose. (2016). A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. Personal Pronoun 8. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. What is a kamikaze? Kamikaze: Japans suicide gods. Unusual and compelling artifacts such as these kamikaze manuals work well to bring alive in the classroom a usually mundane yet fundamental corner of technical communication. 2 but my memory of it is sunlight-clear. Few extant studies on military technical communication seem to fit our task. Conscientious objectors did not exist. The plane is nearly the same size as the target, not even an attempt at scale. It is also part of the more. 30a tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. The theme of national identity can also be explored in the poem Checking Out Me History, The Emigre or The Charge of the Light Brigade. If you are approaching the enemy from a height of 6,000 metres, adjust your speed twice; or from a lower height of 4,000 metres, adjust speed once. In the West, a military manual would generally assume there is at least a chance of returning alive. Strike an enemy vessel that is either moored or at sea. 91121). Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. It is important to reiterate here, especially in a 21st century age of peacetime terrorism, that the Togo attacks were expressly directed toward military targets. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. American forces were about to land on Okinawa, which was adjacent to the Japanese home islands, and few Japanese naval vessels remained to oppose them. Although his decision was made because of a deep desire to remain with his young family, the result was not that of a happy family unit. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 35(4), 217221. Her poem A Kosovan Ghost Story refers to the shame and dishonour brought about in war in this case the fact that women who were raped in the war were seen to have brought dishonour on their families; therefore the atrocities of war were often not spoken of to the investigators who arrived to investigate war crimes. Her father embarked (p. 82). Teaching the ethics of intercultural communication. According to the text, Togo attacks were organized into groups of up to 10 planes, including a lead plane with a more experienced pilot who located targets, the Togo planes themselves, and escort planes that protected the attacking Togo pilots from American air-to-air fighters. Patriotism, high at the beginning of training, dwindled (p. 6), and as one doomed pilot wrote in his diary three months before his final mission, To be honest, I cannot say that the wish to die for the emperor is genuine, coming from my heart. The Emigre Poem Summary and Analysis | LitCharts This reflects the Japanese notion of honour and saving face. Personification 13. Bliese, J. R. E. (1994). Keywords: manuals, ethics, rhetorical analysis, military documentation, World War II. Manning, A., & Amare, N. (2006). Even so, each airplane needs to calmly proceed with a deadly attack with a burning determination to sink the target, and to accomplish the assignment to completion. We begin by providing some historical context as well as a discussion of Japanese military ideology in the last stage of the war; second, we describe relevant literature and our method of approach; third, we discuss our findings from our rhetorical analysis of the two manuals; and fourth, we note the special ethical concerns that the texts raise, before making some final conclusions. The last line of each stanza is noticeably shorter and indented which emphasises its importance. Kamikaze: A Crash Course on the History of the Term - Linguablog We regret that we cannot make any definitive claims about usability, but again, the lack of documented refusals suggests usability issues did not negatively affect the overall mission of the Togo. Technical instructions typically promote agency in the user by affording the opportunity to complete a task. 4 which, I am told, comes to the mildest city.. 5 The worst news I receive of it cannot break. The discipline in the Japanese military of the time, and in previous decades, even going back to the cultural precedents of the Edo period, was notoriously brutal. Assonance 3. In A. If the commander has doubts, he needs only to consult his manual. With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. The most important theme of the poem is the brutality of war. Ganier, F. (2004). A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. Comparisons and alternative. However, perhaps most notable about these images is what they do not includeany real aspect of hurtling hundreds of miles an hour in a plane toward a collision with a huge, near-stationary steel target that is actively shooting back, or the sudden explosion in a giant ball of fire and debris. Power and Conflict Poetry - Kamikaze (quotes) Flashcards The standard introduction to technical/professional writing class at the undergraduate level usually leans on a catch-all, genre-based textbook that has a single chapter on instructions, if that, with relatively pedestrian examples. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. Teachit is a registered trademark (no. Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. PDF Context Line-by-Line Analysis - George Pindar School Her research interests include workplace literacy, collaborative writing, and visual design. The threat of invasion was real and the military situation desperate. Accordingly, the entire manual is in the imperative mood and the text in its original dialect is emotionless and dry; it contains no deviations from formal politeness, which contrasts its violent subject matter. Early to middle 1945 saw Imperial Japan in near-complete disarray, both militarily and economically. We build confidence and attainment by personalising each childs learning at a level that suits them. Instead, as in Dive, the reader sees a simple triangle, with the hypotenuse being the path of the plane. (4) Togo troops need to, no matter what, sink the target (without questioning) of the types and sizes of the enemys ships, ordered by the High-Level Commander. Throughout the poem the father/pilot is silent. The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. We suggest that manual writers today should be cognizant of precisely what they are making possible, and remember that what they view now as inevitable or necessary may be illusory or optional; indeed, the hypothetical and, from all sources at the time, certain ground invasion that drove the writing and consumption of these manuals never happened, due to Japans surrender in August 1945 after the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Idioms 7. GCSE Subjects GCSE Subjects Art and Design Biology (Single Science) Business Chemistry (Single Science) Combined Science Computer Science Design and Technology Digital Technology (CCEA) Drama. The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. We will not reproduce all of them here, but will rather examine critical passages thematically. Not only is he shunned by his neighbors, but his wife refuses to speak to him or look him in the eye. 15 Common English Language Techniques You Should Know 'green blue translucent sea'. . Without specific orders to do so, and the military structure to enable the act, we suspect kamikaze attacks would have still occurred but would have been far rarer and disorganized. Exposure is full of powerful images that evoke strong feelings of helplessness, danger and tedium. Do their words really matter? (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. Those willing to serve were twice as numerous as the available planes (Feifer, 2012, p.156). pptx, 733.76 KB. Manual 1s visuals are so removed from the directives that it isolates them from the tasks they represent; the only reference to the visuals occurs in the table of contents. All rights reserved. Reconsidering power and legitimacy in technical communication: A case for enlarging the definition of technical communicator. Kamikaze Flashcards & Quizzes | Brainscape Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's Privacy Policy ). 374.6 KB. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. It was first used to describe a series of typhoons (serious storms from the sea) that prevented two of Kublai Khan's attempts to invade Japan in the 13 th century. We suspect these simple images were copied to chalkboards for use in pilot instruction and their abstract nature kept discussion at the level of technique. As such, we feel comfortable labeling the mission of Manual 2 as offering not only the logical reassurance and reinforcement offered by Manual 1, but emotional reassurance as well, in order to reach the final desired state.

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