habsburg family tree explained

After Mary's death in 1482, Maximilian acted as regent for his son Philip the Handsome. From the 16th century onward, archduke and its female form, archduchess, came to be used by all the members of the House of Habsburg (e.g., Queen Marie Antoinette of France was born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria). [8], In the 12th century, the Habsburgs became increasingly associated with the Staufer Emperors, participating in the imperial court and the Emperor's military expeditions; Werner II, Count of Habsburg died fighting for Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in Italy. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. "on and on"). Charles VIII of France contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favor of Philip in the Treaty of Senlis in 1493. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"0Tmn8W9bEGIV3Q4g.ZEoCLHaPkEnp_DSr9sn7AbAswE-86400-0"}; Habsburg Spain was a personal union between the Crowns of Castile and Aragon; Aragon was itself divided into the Kingdoms of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca, Naples, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia. The progenitor of the House of Habsburg may have been Guntram the Rich, a count in the Breisgau who lived in the 10th century, and forthwith farther back as the medieval Adalrich, Duke of Alsace, from the Etichonids from which Habsburg derives. This number, which is the correct value, is three percentage points higher than what was previously estimated. 2023 . Herta Margarete & Sandor are committed to preserving values, culture and tradition, living them, passing them on to the youth and preserving the history of Austria. When Ferdinand died in 1564, the Habsburg lands were divided among his three sons. [50] Mary and the Habsburgs lost the Duchy of Burgundy to France, but managed to defend and hold onto the rest what became the 17 provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. The dynasty was thus long known as the "House of Austria". The Duchy of Burgundy was a small portion of the traditional . The Habsburgs originated in Swabia, a duchy of southwestern Germany. He was native in French and also knew Dutch from his youth in Flanders. It was he who, in 1282, bestowed Austria and Styria on his two sons Albert (the future German king Albert I) and Rudolf (reckoned as Rudolf II of Austria). Who are we? Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Habsburg dynasty, or Hapsburg dynasty, Royal German family, one of the chief dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century. Charles I (1918-1922) (Family Tree) Otto von Habsburg (1922-2007) Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian (1922-1930) Karl . In the secret Oate treaty of 29 July 1617, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs settled their mutual claims. A 2019 study found that the degree of mandibular prognathism in the Habsburg family shows a statistically significant correlation with the degree of inbreeding. Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe fr den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall - German), in: Profil 9 August 2014; Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: The Kingdom of Germany formed the central part of the Holy Roman Empire. El Nio, explained. An empire in which the sun never sets. Healthcare, building Hospitals and Technology. At this time, the ideas of the Italian humanists were starting to arrive in northern Europe. The Renaissance. The difference of 58% can't fully be explained by better diagnosis and other such factors. One of the most remarkable princes to emerge during the Renaissance, Frederick's son Maximilian I (14591519) had studied Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg was known to be fluent in Czech, French, German, Italian and Latin. For the full article, see, Austria and the rise of the Habsburgs in Germany, The Habsburg succession in the 18th century, https://www.britannica.com/summary/House-of-Habsburg. Charles finally arranged for his brother Ferdinand to inherit the imperial throne, which would then pass to Philip, Charles's son. A capable ruler with a wide education, Frederick consolidated Habsburg rule in Germany, expanded the domain to the east, and signed the Concordat of Vienna with Pope Nicholas V, an agreement that allowed the Habsburgs some independence from the control of the church. Herta Margarete & Sandor are committed to preserving values, culture and tradition, to live, to pass on to the youth and to preserve the history of Austria. They were also able to gain high positions in the church hierarchy for their members. In 1919, the new republican Austrian government subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. [17], After the death of his father in 1493, Maximilian was proclaimed the new King of the Romans, receiving the name Maximilian I. Maximilian was initially unable to travel to Rome to receive the Imperial title from the Pope, due to opposition from Venice and from the French who were occupying Milan, as well a refusal from the Pope due to enemy forces being present on his territory. 1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines when Archduke Sigismund of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favor of Frederick's son Maximilian I. . Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Hapsburg or Habsburg (both: hpsbrg, Ger. Archduke Leopold Salvator Colonel General of the Austrian Artillery, as a technician he developed patents for airship travel and military motorisation, he wrote the world's first patent for all-wheel and chain drive. A correlation between maxillary deficiency and degree of inbreeding was also present but was not statistically significant. [11][12], By the second half of the 13th century, count Rudolph IV (12181291) had become an influential territorial lord in the area between the Vosges Mountains and Lake Constance. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Family tree of the ancestors of the Habsburg family, largely before becoming Holy Roman Emperors and (Arch)Dukes of Austria. Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished. Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. [21] Numerous members of the family showed specific facial deformities: an enlarged lower jaw with an extended chin known as mandibular prognathism or "Habsburg jaw", a large nose with hump and hanging tip ("Habsburg nose"), and an everted lower lip ("Habsburg lip"). He did, however, manage to hold off the Ottoman Turks in central Europe and the French in Italy. The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification. Frederick III managed to secure the marriage of Charles's only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. Meanwhile the Styrian line descended from Leopold III had been subdivided into Inner Austrian and Tirolean branches. Some younger sons who had no prospects of the throne were given the personal title of "count of Habsburg". Maximilian, the adventurous second son of Archduke Franz Karl, was invited as part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico, becoming Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. [11] The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477 and ultimately resulted in the Habsburgs acquiring control of the Low Countries. On 1 October 1273, he was elected as a compromise candidate as King of the Romans and received the name Rudolph I of Germany. The title appears first in documents issued under the joint rule of Maximilian and Philip (his under-age son) in the Low Countries. Updates? See Also: Charles V; Holy Roman Empire; Philip II; Reformation, Protestant. The one exception to this was the period of (16011621), when shortly before Philip II died on 13 September 1598, he renounced his rights to the Netherlands in favor of his daughter Isabella and her fianc, Archduke Albert of Austria, a younger son of Emperor Maximilian II. King Rudolf I. von Habsburg was the first Habsburg on the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Plus Ultra (lat. Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. Several Habsburg kings had attempted to gain the imperial dignity over the years, but success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when Pope Nicholas V crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ancestry. The columns display each project member's kit number, paternal ancestry information according to project settings, the paternal tree branch (haplogroup), and actual STR marker results. Inner Austrian stadtholders went on to rule until the days of Empress Maria Theresa in the 18th century. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. When. Their cousin Philip II of Spain, named head of the house of Habsburg in 1564, ruled over what became the world's leading military power. "Habsburg Dynasty Even though he did not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. The former would maintain Austria proper (then called Niedersterreich but comprising modern Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria), while the latter would rule over lands then labeled Obersterreich, namely Inner Austria (Innersterreich) comprising Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, and Further Austria (Vordersterreich) consisting of Tyrol and the western Habsburg lands in Alsace and Swabia.[11]. A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Adelaide, Queen of Sardina was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia and King of Italy. The imperial title at that time was, for practical purposes, hardly more than a glorification of the title of German king, and the German kingship was, like the Bohemian and the Hungarian, elective. To advance his interests in Italy, Maximilian married Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of the duke of Milan, in 1494. In 1477, Frederick granted the title archduke to his first cousin Sigismund of Austria, ruler of Further Austria. During the Second World War there was a strong Habsburg resistance movement in Central Europe, which was radically persecuted by the Nazis and the Gestapo. House of Habsburg Back to Projects Dashboard. ." Before he allowed his son Maximilian II to be crowned king of the Romans, Ferdinand forced him to renounce his Protestant beliefs. his arms are explained in an article about them; The abdications of Charles V in 1556 ended his formal authority over . After Frederick III's coronation, the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial throne almost continuously until 1806.[11]. In the 19th century, Francis I had notions of Czech, and Ferdinand I spoke it decently. . They were also Dukes of Milan, Lord of the Americas, and holder of multiple titles from territories within the Habsburg Netherlands. Grand Duke Leopold II championed the environment in Tuscany, opened up the country with infrastructure, initiated the judicial and educational reform (1838 - 1840) at the universities, which achieved world fame. [34]:306, In the early years of the family's ascendancy, neither Rudolf I nor Albert I appear to have spoken French. He lived long enough to see his son Maximilian make the most momentous marriage in European history, and three years before his death he also saw the Austrian hereditary lands reunited when Sigismund of Tirol abdicated in Maximilians favour (1490). The Bohemian and Hungarian kingdoms were lost to the Habsburgs for nearly 70 years from the death of Ladislas Posthumus in 1457; the Swiss territories, lost in reality from 1315 onward (see Switzerland: Expansion and Position of Power), were finally renounced in 1474; and Fredericks control over the Austrian inheritance itself was long precarious, not only because of aggression from Hungary but also because of dissension between him and his Habsburg kinsmen. Philip became King of Spain and its colonial empire as Philip II, and ruler of the Habsburg domains in Italy and the Low Countries. Ferdinand would be followed by Charles's son Philip II and then by Ferdinand's son Maximilian II. Although Albert ruled for only about a year, he became the first of an unbroken line of Habsburg rulers that lasted until 1740. Aged Care, Healthy Living and Swimming. Herta Margarete & Sandor are committed to preserving values, culture and tradition, to live, to pass on to the youth and to preserve the history of Austria. To avoid the threat of civil war, Charles signed an agreement in 1551 that his brother Ferdinand I would succeed him as emperor. With Ladislas the male descendants of Albert III of Austria died out in 1457. . Encyclopedia.com. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below. Through the forged document called privilegium maius (1358/59), Duke Rudolf IV (13391365) introduced the title of Archduke to place the Habsburgs on a par with the Prince-electors of the Empire, since Emperor Charles IV had omitted to give them the electoral dignity in his Golden Bull of 1356. The current head of the family is Karl von Habsburg. Charles defeated a French army and King Francis I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, and fought off an assault by the Ottoman Turks on Vienna in 1529. Plus Ultra (lat. During his reign, Frederick took several steps that strengthened the power and holdings of the Habsburg dynasty. Herta Margarete & SandorHABSBURG-LOTHRINGEN. Charles retired to his country house and died in 1558, the year Ferdinand was crowned emperor. Consanguinity is translated directly as "of the same blood," or in other words, a blood relation. [CDATA[ Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. He dealt with the efforts of reformers to alter the political structure of the realm and with disagreements over taxes. Habsburg scion Rudolph I was then elected but only lasted a year. Encyclopedia.com. That castle was the family seat during most of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. The latter, however, was won by Maria Theresa and led to the succession of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen) becoming the new main branch of the dynasty, in the person of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph II. In 1246 they took control of the duchy of Austria. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On the death of Ferdinand I in 1564, the Habsburg domains were divided among his three sons: Maximilian II became Holy Roman Emperor, and also ruled Bohemia and Austria. The Habsburgs also played a significant role in the cultural life of the Renaissance through their patronage* of major artists, literary figures, and scientists. After 1307, subsequent Habsburg attempts to gain the Bohemian crown were frustrated first by Henry of Bohemia (a member of the House of Gorizia) and then by the House of Luxembourg. The younger son of Maximilian II, Matthias served as governor-general of the Spanish Nethe, The Holy Roman Empire, a political organization made up of states in central Europe, existed from 962 until 1806. This also reinforced the "Germanness" of the (French-speaking) Austrian Emperor and his claim to rule in Germany, not least against the Prussian Kings. Health impairments due to inbreeding included epilepsy, insanity, and early death. At first, the Habsburgs seemed to be just another noble family with ambitions to expand its territory by waging war and making favorable alliances though marriage. The name Habsburg is derived from the castle of Habsburg, or Habichtsburg (Hawks Castle), built in 1020 by Werner, bishop of Strasbourg, and his brother-in-law, Count Radbot, in the Aargau overlooking the Aar River, in what is now Switzerland. The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, after the death of Charles. We go through Charles II of Spain's ancestors to see how inbred he really was. Its rulers were styled, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCowans2003 (. The Habsburgs were a German-Austrian royal family, and one of the major European dynasties from the 15th to the 20th Centuries. Some people said of the Habsburgs, "Others may wage war, but thou, happy Austria, marry! In anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis had declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) on 11 August 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In the former, the House of Bourbon won the conflict and put a final end to the Habsburg rule in Spain. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He married Eleanor of Portugal, which allowed the Habsburgs to acquire that kingdom in the late 1500s. Fredericks son Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy through marriage. Albert's cousin Duke Frederick of Styria succeeded him and ruled as Frederick III until 1493. ." After Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine, the idea of "Habsburg" as associated with ancestral Austrian rulership was used to show that the old dynasty continued as did all its inherited rights. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/habsburg-dynasty. The reign of the house of Habsburg began in 1246, when the family took control of Austria. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Seeking to end English support for a revolt in the Netherlands, and return England to the Catholic fold, he sent a huge armada north in 1588. Timothy Snyder "The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke" (2008); James Longo "Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals" (2018); Bob Carruthers "Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler" (2015). A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago de Compostela suggests inbreeding may have played a role in their extinction. Philip III succeeded his father Philip II on the Spanish throne, ruling from 1598 to 1621. (See alsoHoly Roman Empire; Ottoman Empire; Valois Dynasty. Despite numerous intermarriages, the Habsburg inheritance remained divided between its Austrian and Spanish branches. The next year, Albert was crowned as King of the Romans, known as such as Albert II. Rudolf II of Habsburg (died 1232) acquired Laufenburg and the Waldsttte (Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Lucerne), but on his death his sons Albert IV and Rudolf III partitioned the inheritance. The chaos of the Habsburg family tree brought down the dynasty and is one of the most famous cases of royal inbreeding throughout history. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/habsburg-dynasty, "Habsburg dynasty Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. These "junior" archdukes did not thereby become independent hereditary rulers, since all territories remained vested in the Austrian crown. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 created a real union, whereby the Kingdom of Hungary was granted co-equality with the Empire of Austria, that henceforth didn't include the Kingdom of Hungary as a crownland anymore. As. As President and Vice-President of Flame of Peace, they work around the globe for the benefit of people, animals, nature and the environment. On any family tree, an affinal relationship is signified by the term "in law.". Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia and Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium), Charles II the Bewitched ("El Hechizado"), Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany, Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este & Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, "The House of Austria the Habsburgs and the Empire", "house of Habsburg | Rulers, Motto, History, Map, & Inbreeding", "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs", "Is the "Habsburg jaw" related to inbreeding? ." Updates? . The Habsburgs' monarchical positions included: Before Rudolph rose to German king, the Habsburgs were Counts of Baden in what is today southwestern Germany and Switzerland.[45]. He also established academies to promote mathematics and science. However, lack of documentary sources and confusion between fact and legend make it very difficult to reconstruct the family tree prior to this date. The wedding was celebrated in grand style on 22 July 1515. Charles II of Spain had a very high amount of ROH. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. King Rudolf I. of Habsburg was the first Habsburg on the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Habsburg Castle itself was finally lost to the Swiss in 1415. ." ." After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the Duchy of Austria and Leopold ruling over Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Windic March, Tirol, and Further Austria. However, the royal line suffered acutely from massive inbreeding; in fact, inbreeding may have been what led to the downfall of the dynasty. The southern portions of Ottokar's former realm, Carinthia, Carniola, and Savinja, went to Rudolph's allies from the House of Gorizia.[13][14]. He later added some Castilian Spanish, which he was required to learn by the Castilian Cortes Generales. Rudolf II, Maximilian's successor as Holy Roman Emperor, made Prague a center of the new astronomy, bringing Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler to his court in the capital of Bohemia. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. house of Habsburg, Habsburg also spelled Hapsburg, also called house of Austria, royal German family, one of the principal sovereign dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century. For the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, see, For the collection of polities ruled by the House of Habsburg, see, Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections, Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines, Division of Albertinian and Leopoldian lines, Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors (Albertinian line), Kings of Hungary and Bohemia (Albertinian line), Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol / Inner Austria (Leopoldian line), Reunited Habsburgs until extinction of agnatic lines, Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria, Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (Spanish Habsburgs), Titular Dukes of Burgundy, Lords of the Netherlands, Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Hungary and Bohemia, Archdukes of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line), Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line), Grand dukes of Tuscany (House of Habsburg-Lorraine), Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine), Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine), Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal (House of Habsburg-Lorraine), Empress consort of France (House of Habsburg-Lorraine), Emperor of Mexico (House of Habsburg-Lorraine). [29][30][31][32][33], As they accumulated crowns and titles, the Habsburgs developed a unique family tradition of multilingualism that evolved over the centuries. Maximilian's grandson Charles inherited the throne of Spain as well as the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V was known in his youth after his birthplace as Charles of Ghent. A royal dynasty whose members became the hereditary rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, and held authority over the largest realm in Europe during the Renaissance. By the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 Charles V combined the Netherlands into one administrative unit, to be inherited by his son Philip II. Meanwhile, the original home territories of the Habsburgs in what is now Switzerland, including the Aargau with Habsburg Castle, were lost in the 14th century to the expanding Swiss Confederacy after the battles of Morgarten (1315) and Sempach (1386). When he became king of Spain he was known as Charles of Spain, and after he was elected emperor, as Charles V (in French, Charles Quint). Already king of Bohemia and Hungary, Rudolf never married and is best known for his patronage of the arts and sciences. house of Habsburg, Habsburg also spelled Hapsburg, also called house of Austria, royal German family, one of the principal sovereign dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century. Furthermore, the Spanish king had claims on Hungary and Bohemia. Like his father, Maximilian supported the arts and literature. Both Philip and Maximilian had broad intellectual interests and both men became great patrons of the arts and sciences. Download FREE teacher-made resources covering 'The Habsburgs' The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and that of Emperor Charles VI in 1740 led to the War of the Austrian Succession. A royal dynasty whose members became the hereditary rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, and held authority over the largest realm in Europe during the Renaissance.The Habsburgs originated in Swabia, a duchy of southwestern Germany.In 1246 they took control of the duchy of Austria.In the late thirteenth century, Rudolf I became the first of the line to be elected as Holy Roman . Charles, a steadfast Roman Catholic, failed in his attempts to suppress Luther's movement and to eliminate Protestants from the empire. In 1440, Ernest's son Frederick III was chosen by the electoral college to succeed Albert II as the king. The House of Lorraine (German: Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz.It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine.By the marriage of Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), the House of Lorraine was . The Bohemian kingship was an elected position,[15] and the Habsburgs were only able to secure it on a hereditary basis much later in 1626, following their submission of the Czech lands during the Thirty Years' War. Erhalten Sie neben interessanten Insights und News zum Haus Habsburg-Lothringen auch Neuigkeiten, Terminankndigungen sowie Eventberichte zur gemeinntzigen Organisation Flame Of Peace und dem Tradition- und Kulturverbundenen Dachverein Austria Imperialis. Following his early death in a battle against the Ottomans in 1439 and that of his son Ladislaus Postumus in 1457, the Habsburgs lost Bohemia once more as well as Hungary, for several decades. The Habsburg dynasty achieved its highest position when Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor. As emperor, Frederick III took a leading role inside the family and positioned himself as the judge over the family's internal conflicts, often making use of the privilegium maius. The headship today has been claimed by Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (great-great-granddaughter of Alexander II). For the greater part of Fredericks reign it was scarcely foreseeable that his descendants would monopolize the imperial succession so long as they did. The House of Habsburg (/hpsbr/), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in English[note 7] and also known as the House of Austria,[note 8] is one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.[3][4]. adam cooper citadel net worth,

Economic Impact Of Youth Sports, Earth Inspired Products, How Did David Gruner Die, Ucla Tennis Coach Salary, Idaho Beekeepers Association, Articles H