who was the first king of scandinavia

The transmission of metallurgy to southern Scandinavia coincided with the introduction of long barrows, causewayed enclosures, two-aisled houses, and certain types of artefacts, and seems to have enabled the establishment of a fully Neolithic society.[3]. In the ninth century, Scandinavians (mainly Norwegians) began to colonize Iceland, an island in the North Atlantic where no one had yet settled in large numbers. One million came from Sweden, 300,000 from Denmark, and 730,000 from Norway. After planning for months, Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway the same day, 9 April 1940, days before Britain planned to invade.[34]. During the 5th millennium BC, the Erteblle people learned pottery from neighbouring tribes in the south, who had begun to cultivate the land and keep animals. The name Viking came from the Scandinavians themselves, from the Old Norse word "vik" (bay or creek) which formed the root of "vikingr" (pirate). The modern use of the term Scandinavia rises from the Scandinavist political movement, which was active in the middle of the 19th century, chiefly between the First war of Schleswig (18481850), in which Sweden and Norway contributed with considerable military force, and the Second war of Schleswig (1864) when the Riksdag of the Estates denounced the King's promises of military support for Denmark. In 911, the West Frankish king granted Rouen and the surrounding territory by treaty to a Viking chief called Rollo in exchange for the latters denying passage to the Seine to other raiders. In Icelandic sources, such as the 12th/13th-century Langfegatal, Olof Sktkonung is regarded as a late ruler of a significantly older dynasty, stretching back to legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lodbrok. Royal Hotel, Denmark. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P. These repressive measures ensured that the cooperation was small. Odin, also called Wodan, Woden, or Wotan, one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. [5][6][7], Since prehistoric times,[8][9] the Sami people of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. Norwegian police, controlled by the Quisling government, aided in the capture of Norwegian Jews in 1942. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Sktkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Vstgtalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik rsll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. After invading, they simply did not want to relinquish it, seeing it as a permanent part of their empire. First Look With Surveillance: Microsoft, Alphabet. Rollo - Wikipedia Even later Yngling rulers are typically not designated as "Kings of Sweden" or "Kings of the Swedes" in the Ynglinga saga, most of them being described as "Kings in Uppsala", an early political center in Sweden. All three Scandinavian countries remained neutral throughout the First World War. The Early History of Scandinavia - Origins, Vikings and More The first King of Norway was King Harald Fairhair. Viking religious beliefs were heavily connected to Norse mythology. During the Ingrian War Sweden expanded its territories eastward. April 28, 2023. The first mention of a King of Norway - as a unified entity - is found upon the Jelling Stones, which were carved runestones from the 10th century in Denmark. [6], The legendary kings of Sweden, as presented in the sagas, covers three legendary dynasties of rulers; the Yngling dynasty, claimed to have been descended from the Norse god Odin, the dynasty founded by Ivar Vidfamne, who conquered Sweden and deposed the Ynglings, and the House of Muns, which succeeded Vidfamne's dynasty. In addition to the short genealogical account of Langfegatal, Ragnar Lodbrok's royal dynasty is also presented in a more narrative form in the aforementioned Hervarar saga, also written in the 12th or 13th century.[20]. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering. The Vita gives no genealogical information in regards to the kings. The Story of Harald Fairhair, First King of Norway The present monarch of Sweden is Carl XVI Gustaf, who came to the throne in 1973 at the age of 27. It was one of the factors that led Germany to grant the Danes a high degree of autonomy. [35] Denmark surrendered two hours after invasion, having lost just sixteen men. From this time archaeologists have found swords, shieldbosses, spearheads, scissors, sickles, pincers, knives, needles, buckles, kettles, etc. However, bitterness towards Germany grew, and small sabotages directed against Germany became commonplace. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.[23]. Swedes join Danes and Norwegians in England. In scholarly circles today, there are two positions on Fairhair's . Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal fell. Coastal areas were ice-free several times between 75 000 and 30 000 years B.P. Scandinavia in C.W. Greenland, Iceland and The Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic were Norwegian dependencies that were incorporated into the united kingdom of Denmark-Norway. In most sources Yngvi is presented as the same figure as Freyr, the son of Njrr. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden, but Denmark retained the Norwegian Atlantic possessions of the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. During Vasa's reign the right to inherit the Swedish crown was ratified through so called succession agreements. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. Updated: June 7, 2019 | Original: November 4, 2009. Heather, the chair of medieval history at King's College London, is the author of Christendom: The Triumph of Religion, AD 300-1300 The most popular destinations in North America were Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Michigan, the Canadian prairies and Ontario. Famous Vikings As with the Yngling kings, precise dates are not presented in the sagas for Ivar Vidfamne or his descendants, but his reign is estimated to have taken place in the 7th century. Rollo, or Rolf, was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy in Northern France. During this period Scandinavia gave rise to the first known advanced civilization in this area following the Nordic Stone Age. Gold was used to make scabbard mountings and bracteates; notable examples are the Golden horns of Gallehus. Sweden had the short lived colony New Sweden in Delaware in North America during the 1630s and later acquired the islands of Saint-Barthlemy (17851878) and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. witosawa 3. As a result of the adoption of Christianity by the monarchy and eventually the entirety of the country, traditional shamanistic practices were marginalized and eventually persecuted. The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. Another Norse tradition was that of blood feuds, which particularly had devastated Iceland. [4] According to the Ynglinga saga, the earliest rulers used the title drotin (modern Swedish: Drott). One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs. Canute (I), byname Canute the Great, Danish Knut, or Knud, den Store, Norwegian Knut den Mektige, (died Nov. 12, 1035), Danish king of England (1016-35), of Denmark (as Canute II; 1019-35), and of Norway (1028-35), who was a power in the politics of Europe in the 11th century, respected by both emperor and pope. Sacrifice-Svein) ruled between 1084 and 1087. The three Scandinavian countries would, if they had entered into an alliance, have remained separate sovereign countries but acted as a single bloc in foreign policy and security issues. Christian IV had profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany (Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty in 1621, and in 1623 the Danish heir apparent was made Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. This came about partially because of the domination of the social-democrats in Sweden and Denmark, and the Labour party in Norway. Wait a moment and try again. [12] Most of the sagas known today, the Ynglinga saga included, were composed during a relatively brief period, from the 12th to 13th century, a time when royal power was being consolidated in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Harolds army was able to defeat an invasion led by the last great Viking kingHarald Hardrada of Norwayat Stamford Bridge, near York, but fell to the forces of William, Duke of Normandy (himself a descendant of Scandinavian settlers in northern France) just weeks later. Christianity in Scandinavia came later than most parts of Europe. What is genuine history and what is myth and legend is today impossible to determine, and everything contained in the saga must as such be regarded as legendary, if not fictional. In the Caribbean, Denmark started a colony on St Thomas in 1671, St John in 1718, and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733. Over time they built up their area until they ruled most of the modern-day region of Normandy. The Danish Jews avoided German persecution until 1943, and Denmark was thus better prepared when the Germans struck. As the direct predecessors of Eric the Victorious, Icelandic sources give Bjrn Eriksson, preceded by Erik Anundsson. Their addition to the saga might thus have been another attempt by Sturluson to undermine royal ideology. Ahead of the coronation, Buckingham Palace has unveiled new portraits of King Charles III and Queen Camilla in the Blue Drawing Room at the royal residence . Large-scale raids, often organized by royal leaders, hit the coasts of Europe and especially England, where the line of kings descended from Alfred the Great was faltering. Sweden began consolidating its empire. The Vikings' Conversion to Christianity - Norse Mythology for Smart Beyond that, there is little evidence of Viking presence in the New World, and they didnt form permanent settlements. Eric the Victorious was the first ruler to be accepted by the Greats around Lake Vattern and the original Swedes around Lake Malaren. In 1016, Cnut became king of England, and after further campaigns in Scandinavia he could claim in 1027 to be 'king of the whole of England and Denmark and Norway and of parts of Sweden'.. 1. It started by a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700 and ended 1721 with the conclusion of the Treaty of Nystad and the Stockholm treaties. Contrary to some popular conceptions of the Vikings, they were not a race linked by ties of common ancestry or patriotism, and could not be defined by any particular sense of Viking-ness. Most of the Vikings whose activities are best known come from the areas now known as Denmark, Norway and Sweden, though there are mentions in historical records of Finnish, Estonian and Saami Vikings as well. Maria Noyen. However, they would occasionally aid the Allies. Many of the kings in the saga are overshadowed by their contemporary vassals and wives,[14] and they are rarely shown in a positive light. Some within Ferdinand II's court believed that Wallenstein wanted to take control of the German princes and thus gain influence over the emperor. Crowned king of England on Christmas Day in 1066, William managed to retain the crown against further Danish challenges. Harald Bluetooth & the Conversion of Denmark - World History Encyclopedia [18], The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. His sister, Sophie, gained renown as the first female scholar in Scandinavia. What happened to the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings? - BBC Bitesize The Maglemosian culture lived in Denmark and southern Sweden. This unilateral action met with Swedish threats of war. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name Haakon VII. Bernadotte was originally one of Napoleon's eighteen Marshals. Because he was the first King to rule over the entirety of Norway, he is considered the country's first King. They hunted seals and fished in the rich waters. Britain believed Germany was planning to invade and made counter plans for its own invasion. [1] Odin | Myth & History | Britannica [4], It is possible that the Yngling line of kings is entirely fictional, invented by later Norwegian rulers to assert their right to rule Norway. The legendary kings of Sweden (Swedish: sagokonungar, sagokungar, lit. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Vikings' rule would eventually come to encompass the majority of Scandinavia, and they would participate in massive amounts of trading and exploration, which helped build connective routes around the world.Denmark, and the rest of Scandinavia, was Christianized by the 11th century, though missionaries were present long before that. All three countries developed social welfare states in the early to mid-20th century. The Ynglinga saga was composed by Sturluson c. 1230 and details the reigns and lives of the kings of the Yngling dynasty (Swedish: Ynglingar), a legendary line of kings said to descend from the Norse god Odin. More than 96% of the Jewish population was boated to safety in Sweden, while others found refuge with Christian Danish families and organizations. Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark, Queen Maxima and King Willem-Alexander of The Netherlands, and Princess . Rollo Rollo became the first ruler of Normandy in the early 10 th century. Many Scandinavians emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand during the later nineteenth century. The first recorded raid in continental Europe came in 799, at the island monastery of St Philiberts on Noirmoutier, near the estuary of the Loire River. Denmark - The Viking era | Britannica All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. [13] The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO. King Gylfi was the first king of Scandinavia and was known to have used the name Gangleri when trying to hide his identity on many occasions. In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was expelled and killed around 952, permanently uniting English into one kingdom. Vikings - History, Origins & Tactics Vikings gained control of the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), the Hebrides and much of mainland Scotland. Little evidence remains in Scandinavia of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, or the Iron Age except limited numbers of tools created from stone, bronze, and iron, some jewelry and ornaments, and stone burial cairns. Another reason was that they had no real agenda in Denmark. In 1976 King Carl Gustaf married the German-Brazilian Silvia . Viking Kings | Viking Kings Timeline | Famous Viking Kings | VKNG Bronze continued to be used during the whole period but was mostly used for decoration. However, they were able to work around that with trade agreement with Britain. Understanding Danish Vikings. Sweden decided to join the alliance against France in 1813 and was promised Norway as a reward. [8], The Ynglinga saga contains no references to chronology (such as specific dates of the reigns of the various kings) with the exception of presenting the rulers in chronological order. The Nordic countries established the Nordic Council in 1952 and the Nordic passport union two years later. Part of the reason for the large exodus was the increasing population caused by falling death rates, which increased unemployment. Russia invaded Finland in 1808 and forced Sweden to cede that province at the peace of Fredrikshamn in 1809. A brief Swedish civil war ensued in 1066 primarily reflecting the divisions between practitioners of indigenous religions and advocates of Christianity; by the mid-twelfth century, the Christian faction appeared to have triumphed; the once resistant center of Uppsala became the seat of the Swedish Archbishop in 1164. Today, signs of the Viking legacy can be found mostly in the Scandinavian origins of some vocabulary and place-names in the areas in which they settled, including northern England, Scotland and Russia. Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. Ynglingatal is not a reliable source either, though traditionally believed to have been composed at the end of the 9th or beginning of the 10th century, it might be from as late as the 12th century. Contents 1 Terminology and usage 1.1 Usage in geography 1.2 Variations in usage 1.3 Usage by cultural and tourist organizations The second is lighter, adorned with 2,868 diamonds . [1] The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. [1] The modern Swedish monarchy considers Eric the Victorious to have been the first King of Sweden. After the war, Denmark was forced to cede Heligoland to Britain. The Kalmar War in 16111613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (Christian IV) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. His reign saw an extended period of internal peace, although state finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration. By the late 10th century, some Vikings (including the famous Erik the Red) moved even further westward, to Greenland. The Bishop of Winchester later confirmed him. The fierce sons of these northern lands dominated the sea routes of northern Europe for centuries and singlehandedly changed the course of many a nation's history. Ynglinga saga appears to have been based on an earlier scaldic poem, Ynglingatal, which is quoted at length by Snorri. It is possible that the saga preserves a grain of the truth, perhaps being an embellishment of vague memories of an ancient warrior king, but most of what is said of Ivar Vidfamne has to be considered legendary and fictional. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products. No written source mentions a king by the name Eyvsl, though the context of the stone does not make it clear whether he ruled as king or whether he was simply a prince.[7]. The final few kings considered part of the Muns dynasty by the Icelandic sagas; Eric the Victorious, Olof Sktkonung, Anund Jacob and Emund the Old, were real historical kings, though that does not mean that their legendary ancestors were real historical figures. They sought to avoid civilian casualties and receive favourable treatment from Germany. Bronze continued to be used for torques and kettles, the style of which were a continuity from the Bronze Age. However, new analyses revealed that the woman was a Slav from present-day Poland. These seafaring warriors-known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen. BBC - History - Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066 Iceland first became colonized in the late 9th century[citation needed] . The nations reacted quite differently. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. 'The Celts: A History'. [5] Many of the legendary kings would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375550) and subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550790), but larger political structures in Scandinavia (i. e. the medieval kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark) are not believed to have formed and centralized until the Viking Age. Ingrid Henriksen and Niels Krgrd. Rollo (Norman: Rou, Rolloun; Old Norse: Hrlfr; French: Rollon; died between 928 and 933) was a Viking who, as Count of Rouen, became the first ruler of Normandy, today a region in northern France.He emerged as the outstanding warrior among the Norsemen who had secured a permanent foothold on Frankish soil in the valley of the lower Seine.After the Siege of Chartres in 911, Charles the Simple . The earlier kings are for the most part only attested in Icelandic sagas, sometimes contradictory mixtures of myths and poetry, written in the 11th13th centuries, several centuries after the events described in them. Canute (I) | king of England, Denmark, and Norway | Britannica The Cimbri and the Teutons were eventually defeated by the Roman legions. In Denmark industrialization began in, and was confined to, Copenhagen until the 1890s, after which smaller towns began to grow rapidly. Vidkun Quisling was installed as Minister-President, a puppet to Berlin's High Command. The exact reasons for Vikings venturing out from their homeland are uncertain; some have suggested it was due to overpopulation of their homeland, but the earliest Vikings were looking for riches, not land. Neither the place nor the date of his birth is known. Cnut the Great, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland,[20] possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. The Danish intervention began when Christian IV (15771648) the King of Denmark-Norway, himself a Lutheran, helped the German Protestants by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened. In the writings of his companion Rimbert, the Vita Ansgari, several Swedish kings (who all precede Eric the Victorious) and who they met or heard of at Birka, an important Viking Age trading center, are mentioned. This Is the Most Historically Accurate Viking Movie of All Time [23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlsa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alrkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eirkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvsl as the son of this Eirkr. Scandinavia - New World Encyclopedia Olaf Tryggvason started the destruction of pagan cult sites in the late 10th century, but only Olaf Haraldsson achieved the official adaption of Christianity in the 1020s. Scandinavia was divided during the Napoleonic Wars. They have inhabited the northern arctic and sub-arctic regions of Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia for at least 5,000 years. As the climate slowly warmed up at the end of the ice age and deglaciation took place, nomadic hunters from central Europe sporadically visited the region, but it was not until around 12,000 BCE before permanent, but nomadic, habitation took root. Danes were notable for their devoted efforts to protect Danish Jews. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after . In Scandinavia, there was a great import of goods, such as coins (more than 7,000), vessels, bronze images, glass beakers, enameled buckles, weapons, etc. How Did the Vikings Convert to Christianity - DailyHistory.org Following growing dissatisfaction with the union in Norway, the parliament unanimously declared its dissolution on 7 June 1905. The early history of Norway, and Scandinavia in general, is characterized by powerful seafarers, traders, and warriors and by rich heathen mythologies and ambitious chieftains. For example, Hygelac (500 A.D.) is believed to have historical basis due to his name being attested in Frankish, English, Danish and Icelandic sources. Something went wrong. According to Rimbert the archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in the 9th century, king Olof at Birka was sent a message from King Horik of Denmark to allow the monk Ansgar to introduce Christianity. Olaf II managed to bring English clergy to his country. Mycenaean Greece, the Villanovan Culture, Phoenicia and Ancient Egypt have all been identified as possible sources of influence in Scandinavian artwork from this period. The mid-10th-century reign of Harald Bluetooth as king of a newly unified, powerful and Christianized Denmark marked the beginning of a second Viking age. The legendary kings of Sweden ( Swedish: sagokonungar, sagokungar, lit. To the north, in Norway and most of southern Sweden, lived the Fosna-Hensbacka culture, who lived mostly along the edge of the forest. Catholicism almost completely vanished in Scandinavia, except for a small population in Denmark.[25]. Langfegatal presents the following line of kings: The Langfegatal reconstruction of the Muns dynasty and the later lineage of Swedish kings it presents does not conform with medieval Swedish primary sources. We exists to inform people about the people, culture, and history . Christian IV invaded at the head of a mercenary army of 20,000 men, but the Danish forces were severely beaten, and Christian IV had to sign an ignominious defeat, the first in a series of military setbacks to weaken his kingdom. However, the treaty of Kiel never came into force. This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 00:01. Swedish Vikings: A Guide To Viking Age Swedes & Their Journeys [21] The process of Christianization began in Norway during the reigns of Olaf Tryggvason (reigned 995 ADc.1000 AD) and Olaf II Haraldsson (reigned 1015 AD1030 AD).

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